Basic principles and applications of holography spie. Since considerable selfbending beams have been designed and revealed in free space and plasmonic regimes 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, a straightforward challenge is whether a beam can be twisted to be an oscillation form. The release of graham saxbys third edition of practical holography shows how well the author understands what people need from a complete book on holography. Diagram showing the electron holography of single proteins. Electron holography is a holography with electron waves. Indefinite plasmonic beam engineering by inplane holography. Dennis gabor invented holography in 1948 when he tried to improve resolution in electron microscope. Electron holography produces first image of a single. Derived from the greek word holos meaning whole, the term hologram means simply a complete picture. The photographic recording of the image is called a hologram, which appears to be an unrecognizable pattern of stripes and whorls but whichwhen illuminated by coherent light, as by a laser beamorganizes the light into a threedimensional representation of the original object. A metal tip whose end tapers to just a few atoms emits a beam of relatively slow, i. Chapter 2 how holography began references chapter 3 light sources for holography light as an electromagnetic phenomenon. First, the basic results from the general theory of holography, based on the scalar diffraction theory, are summarized, and a general description of the digital holographic microscopy process is.
Time averaged we will now look at these three types. During reconstruction, a beam identical to the reference beam diffracts from those patterns and. Electron beam irradiation as a general approach for the. They used a separate reference beam, which was incident on the photographic. Replace the mirrors with two objects waves to obtain interference between them. Light from the object beam gets scattered by the holograms subject. How holography goes about recording phase information on a medium insensitive to phase is with the use of two separate beams one is the usual beam associated with the image to be recorded and the other is a completely separate beam known as the reference beam and exploiting the interference. Holograms can also be created using an expanding laser beam, but the. Three types of holographic interferometry, being 1.
A seminar on introduction to holographyintroduction to holography presented by swapnil g. The beam emitted by a laser is split into two beams. Holos is a greek word meaning whole and indicating that holograms recorded on photographic films contained all the information required to reconstruct the illuminated object, either in two 2d or threedimensional 3d formats. Introduction to electron holography, showing both inline and offaxis configurations. Some of this scattered light goes toward the photographic film. Giel1 1fraunhofer institute for physical measurement techniques ipm, heidenhofstrasse 8, 79110 freiburg, germany 2rowland institute at harvard, harvard university, 100 edwin h. Digital inline holography with photons and electrons 10731 such as a multichannel plate for electrons or a ccd camera for photons, and transferred to a computer in which the reconstruction is done numerically. Digital holographic microscopy with dualwavelength phase unwrapping daniel parshall and myung k. The experimental setup for o axis holography is shown in fig. Light that scatters off the object onto the film interferes with the reference beam producing the hologram. A p p l i e d o p tic s g r o u p d e p a r t ment o f p h y s i c. Overview holography was invented in 1947 by hungarian physicist dennis gabor 19001979, for which he received the nobel prize in physics in 1971. In other words, optical holography is the forefather of digital. Inline holography with spherical waves,asoriginallyproposedbygabor,isthesimplest realization of the holographic method, working.
Nobel prize winner dennis gabor, holography s inventor, saw the film after it was made and said it was the. Nobel prize winner dennis gabor, holographys inventor, saw the film after it was made and said it was the. When the hologram is illuminated by the reference beam alone, the diffraction pattern recreates the wave fronts of light from the original object. The first attempts to perform holography with electron waves were made by haine and mulvey in 1952. Digital holographic microscopy with dualwavelength phase. However, a laser shines light in a thin, intense beam. Babasaheb ambedkar technological university, department of information technology engineering lonere402 103 20112012 2. Electron holography using diffracted electron beams dbh. Our study o ers a unique insight in to the plasmonic holography for beam engineering and is expected to inspire.
Yag laser 5 nsec to 15 nsec result in a factor of 4 to. Dynamics after a spatially localized optical excitation pdf. When neither v nor b vary with z within the sample thickness t, and neglecting any electric and magnetic fringing. When the developed plate is illuminated by the reference beam, the light transmitted through the. One beam is expanded and sent onto a high resolution recording medium. This film examines the process of holography, types of holograms, and the uses of the hologram for artistic and scientific purposes, as demonstrated by tung h. Principles and techniques of digital holographic microscopy. Digital inline holography with photons and electrons. We are going to use laser technology to make a hologram. Yag laser holography is the change in performance of the common silver halide emulsions used for holography.
The object beam is widened by a beam spreader expanding lens and the light is reflected off the object and is projected onto the photographic. Full phase and amplitude control in computergenerated. When a hologram is made, a coherent beam of light is divided so that one beam the reference beam falls directly onto a piece of photographic lm and another beam the object beam is formed from the light that is scattered by an object and falls onto the same piece of lm. Laser, reference beam, film, object, source beam background students begin background knowledge in a classroom brainstorming session. After invention of holography by dennis gabor in 1947 it is widely used in various areas. It also appears to challenge the peoples common recognition of the light traveling in free space. The scattered light from the object beam is out of phase with the reference beam, so when the two beams interact they form an interference pattern. Crystalline porous materials such as covalent organic frameworks cofs are advanced materials to tackle challenges of catalysis and separation in industrial processes.
The other beam is aimed at the object the object beam. Kim we apply the techniques of digital holography to obtain microscopic threedimensional images of biological cells. Interference photography if a photographic plate is exposed to the two beams, and then developed, its transmittance, t, is proportional to the light energy which was incident on the plate, and is given by where s is a constant. It works by directing a beam of electrons through a specimen and then using a lens to. Three types of hologram reflection hologram the object and reference beams are incident on the plate from opposite sides of the plate single beam the image is dimmer transmission hologram the object and reference beams are incident on the recording medium from the same side offaxis the image can be very deep rainbow hologram or benton hologram. Development of holography electron microscope with atomic. Full phase and amplitude control in computergenerated holography markus fratz,1,2, peer fischer,2 and dominik m. Furst, np discovered by the hungarian dennis gabor in 1948, holography is based on the concept of interference. In digital holography instead of the real object, series of its digital photographs taken from different angles are used.
Scheme of image plane offaxis electron holography 20 4. That allows longchamp and co to send the low energy electron beam from one side of. Electron holography produces first image of a single protein. Land boulevard, cambridge, massachusetts 02142, usa corresponding author. Requirements for singlebeam frame holography 41 buying a laser 42 overhead lighting with a single beam 42 making gravity work for you 43 the singlebeam frame 44 spatial filtering 45 pinhole sizes 45 aligning a spatial filter 47 making holograms with the singlebeam frame 48 two processing refinements 49 haze elimination 49 preswelling 49. The laser provides a highly coherent source of light. A hologram can be made by shining part of the light beam directly into the recording medium. The beam of light hits the beam splitter, which is a semireflecting plate that splits the beam into two. An introduction to holography georgia tech school of. A hologram is a physical recording of an interference pattern which uses diffraction to.
Practical holography third edition graham saxby lop institute of physics publishing. Singlebeam transfer holograms 55 holographic stereograms 55 alcove holograms 59 other types of holograms 59 references 59 chapter 5 color holography 61 basic principles 61 illumination 62 color anomalies 63 crosstalk 64 diffraction efficiency of a color hoiogram 65 color shift 66 pseudocolor holography 67 references 67. Basics of holography basics of holography is an introduction to the subject written by a leading worker in the. Holographic lens variations on holographic lens hologon headup display a p p l i e d o p tic s g r o u p d e p a r t ment o f p h y s i c s applications of holographic 1.
Pdf indefinite plasmonic beam engineering by inplane. The technique of holography was greatly improved after 1961 when laser was used as the light source. Pulsed laser holograms, with ruby in mind, are quoted as having a factor of 2 to 4 reciprocity failure. Holography, means of creating a unique photographic image without the use of a lens. Note how the light beam is bent inwards, or changes path. Their synthetic routes often require elevated temperatures, closed systems with high pressure, and long reaction times, hampering their industrial applications.
The term hologram is a combination of the greek words holos complete and gram message holography is a process for recording and displaying three dimensional information without lenses therefore holography opens up completely new possibilities in science, engineering, graphics and arts. In order to relax the stringent beam coherence requirements linked to the standard offaxis scheme of electron holography with the electron biprism, it has been proposed to use single crystal films as amplitude beam splitting devices, either alone 288,342 or in combination with an electron biprism. He takes the reader through what a hologram is, the history of holography, what sort of light sources can be used to make a hologram, what kinds have been made to date and so on through to. Because phase is a relative property, construction of a hologram requires a reference beam in addition to the light re. Holography holography mathematics proposed by dennis. Digital inline holographic microscopy jorge garciasucerquia, wenbo xu, stephan k.
Holography is a technique that allows the light scattered from an object to be recorded on photographic emulsion and later reconstructed so that it appears as if the object is in the same position relative to the recording medium as it was during the recording. Chapter 23 holography and holographic instruments lloyd huf f research institute uni y ersity of dayton dayton, ohio 2 3. Here we use a traditionally unperceived strategy to assemble. Electron holography is holography with electron waves. The role of reconstruction is to obtain the threedimensional structure of the object from the twodimensional hologram on the.
26 993 931 193 115 672 14 1423 311 807 925 1497 1459 151 170 760 56 1080 741 163 1602 467 1071 523 491 1478 697 66 73 1164 1330